Using Gel Electrophoresis And Dna Fingerprinting To Analyze

Using Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Fingerprinting to analyze DNA samples Laquandria M. Gibson April 14, 2017 BSC2010L Section #22 Sarah Ellmallah Introduction All cells contain a complex structure known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is a chemical that determines how we are. The multiple combinations of its components are what makes a difference in each person. Long molecules of DNA are organized into chromosomes, which are grouped into 23 pairs. Then the chromosomes are broken down into short segments of DNA known as genes. A gene is a basic physical and functional hereditary unit. Every gene contains a sequence of DNA that occupies a locus on a chromosome (Upadhyaya, 2017). Genes act as instructions to make proteins, varying†¦show more content†¦And gel electrophoresis includes the movement of charged molecules in a buffer solution (Cassill, 2015). The gel is composed of a buffer solution containing agarose, a polymer that easily forms a gel-like material at room temperature (Cassill, 2015). Even though DNA fingerprinting does not compare all of DNA’s structure, it does compare the different cuts made by restriction enzymes, molecules that attach to DNA at the recognition sites and results in cutting the DNA strands (Upadhyaya, 2017). Common restriction enzymes used in DNA fingerprinting are HIND III and ECOR I and because, as mentioned, all alleles are different in their base sequences, recognition sites for restriction enzyme tend to vary based on the individual (Upadhyaya, 2017). Materials Restriction Enzyme Digestion In order for DNA samples from suspect one and suspect two to be digested by two different restriction enzymes, four reaction tubes were required, labeled 1-4. In each reaction tube, with a micropipette, ten  µL of reaction buffer was used. All the samples were prepared based on the given chart (shown below as Table 1) (Upadhyaya, 2017, p. 58). As far as all four having the same enzymes that was the end, so to not cross-contaminate, the micropipettes tips had to be changed each time (Upadhyaya, 2017). The reaction tubes one and three contained 15 µL of enzyme 1 and enzyme 2 was added to reaction tubes two and four. Then, reaction tubes one and two were filled with 15 µL ofShow MoreRelatedInvestigating The Investigation Of The Police Officers1587 Words   |  7 Pagesthis case. For the investigation to be successful DNA profiles must be created. Creating a DNA profile can be complicated, and a few simple mistakes can ruin the whole profile. The whole process of creating a DNA pr ofile begins with obtaining the DNA samples. Once the samples are within possession they must go through the process of electrophoresis. This process will allow the DNA to form bands that reflect certain characteristics. 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Adult Development †Summary Free Essays

Adult Development Brian Carter West Georgia Technical College Adult Development ABSTRACT This paper explores and details the biological, cognitive, and social development of the author during the stages of infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. It will compare the author’s experiences and developmental milestones with the theories presented in the textbook. The combination of all of these factors, combined with the reactions and actions taken by the author in response to his environment and experiences, are what make him the person he is today. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Development – Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adult Observation During an individual’s lifespan development, he passes through several developmental stages, each with its own physical, cognitive, and social milestones. Whether the individual is an infant, child, adolescent, or adult, he is continually developing in almost every aspect in response to life, environmental, and physical demands. It is how the individual reacts to these changes that determine the direction and quality of the individual’s life in the future. The way an individual participates in social activities, engages himself in educational opportunities, and takes time to self-reflect on his experiences all interact to form the direction the individual’s life take. The social, cognitive, and physical aspects of the author’s lifespan development thus far will be described and discussed in detail. The author is a thirty-five year old Caucasian male who lives in a suburb of Atlanta. He was born into and raised in a mostly suburban middle-class household in Louisiana, where he lived until age 23, when he moved to metropolitan Atlanta. He is currently married for the second time, and is expecting his first son to be born in the next week. He has one younger sister who is also grown and married with one stepson. The author’s parents were born and raised in rural West Virginia. His father is college educated. His mother attended college, but did not graduate. He is a college graduate, and his wife has a graduate degree in Education. Both are employed full-time. INFANCY The author was born an eight-pound, four-ounce baby in August of 1975. During the first months of his life, he followed the general outline described in the textbook for breastfeeding and his introduction to solid foods (Dacey 2009). He also developed normally, in physical, cognitive, and social aspects. Aside from a short stint of high fever as a baby, the author experienced no major physical ailments as an infant. EARLY CHILDHOOD As the author progressed into early childhood, he began to exhibit traits of increased intelligence. Thanks to highly involved parents and support group, he was always encouraged to participate in educational activities, rather than playing idly. REFERENCES Dacey, John S. , John F. Travers, and Lisa B. Fiore. Human Development across the Lifespan. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. How to cite Adult Development – Summary, Essay examples

The Paradoxes of Time Travel by David Lewis

Introduction David Lewis, in his work, The Paradoxes of Time Travel, posits that time travel is possible and adds that; paradoxes surrounding time travel are not impossibilities but oddments. In this paper, the writer imagines that an author writes a science fiction story about time travel.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Paradoxes of Time Travel by David Lewis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the story, a poor scientist in 2010 uses a time machine to travel back to 2008, where he/she tells his younger self the winning lottery numbers for 2009. The time traveler uses the time machine to return to 2010, where he is now rich. The writer then uses Lewis’ arguments to criticize the story and suggest how Lewis would revise it. To understand this story, it is important to understand some of Lewis’ arguments. Lewis on Time Travel Lewis observes that, â€Å"time must not be a line but a planeâ €  (146). This implies if two events are separated more than once in time dimensions, then they can have two one-sided separations. In normal life, people live on straightforward aslope lines cutting across the plane of time. However, a time traveler lives on bent-line slopes on the same time plane. Moreover, according to Gott, time traveler has a personal time that does not comply with the rules of the normal time, also called external time (5). In this case, the time traveler’s personal time can go back into ancient time in the present external time. Nevertheless, this phenomenon is relative and Lewis notes that the probability of a time traveler going back in time to change the past depends on some set facts. Lewis therefore would find a foothold to criticize the aforementioned fiction. The Criticism As aforementioned, the author writes a story where a poor scientist in 2010, goes back to 2008, reveals to his younger self the winning numbers of a 2009 lottery; wins the lottery, and comes back to 2010 where he or she is rich. Lewis would say that this scenario could not happen because of inconsistency. Lewis would consider some few facts here. The poor scientist cannot be rich in 2010. This poor scientist is poor right now, therefore going back in 2008 and reveal to his/her younger self the winning numbers of a 2009 lottery, would be tantamount to changing the past, which cannot change. Lewis would argue that, events surrounding â€Å"past moments are not sub divisible into temporal parts; therefore, cannot change† (151). Events of 2008 can either timelessly include the poor scientist revealing to his/her younger self the lottery winning numbers or timelessly do not include the events; however, the two events cannot occur simultaneously.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the fiction story were to be considered true, the possibility of d escribing two events referring to same thing would be inevitable. In this case, there would be ‘original’ 2008 and ‘new’ 2008. The ‘original’ 2008 would represent the actual time when the poor scientist lived and did not know anything about the winning lottery numbers; on the other hand, the ‘new’ 2008 would represent a counterfactual time when the poor scientist is revealing to his/her younger self the winning numbers of the lottery. In the time traveling world of this poor scientist, both the ‘original’ and the ‘new’ 2008 exist in his/her extended timeline; however, in the external time people would be referring to the same thing. Unfortunately, one event cannot be defined or described by two different events. If the poor scientist did not reveal to his or her younger self the winning numbers in the ‘original’ 2008, but he reveals the numbers in the ‘new’ 2008, then he/she must both reveal and not reveal the winning numbers in 2008, because there can only be one 2008 which is both the ‘new’ and the ‘original’ 2008. Therefore, logically speaking, the poor scientist cannot reveal to his/her younger self the winning numbers of the lottery; consequently, he or she cannot be rich in 2010. Lewis’ Revision Strategy of the Story Instead of giving a one sided story, Lewis would opt to give it two sides considering what the poor scientist could do and what he/she could not. The first scenario is that of the poor scientist not revealing to his/her younger self the winning numbers of the lottery as explicated in Lewis’ criticism. In revising this story, Lewis would argue that the poor scientist would reveal to his/her younger self the winning of the lottery. Here are some facts that would facilitate this occasion. The poor scientist would change his/her poverty status in the past by revealing to his younger self the winning lott ery numbers; however, he/she would fail to do that, not because of any impossibility but because of some inefficiencies. Given the fact that the poor scientist did not reveal the winning numbers in the original 2008, consistency requires that he/she does not reveal them in the ‘new’ 2008; why? There has to be a reason why the poor scientist could not reveal the winning numbers to his/her younger self. Maybe he/she lost the paper containing the numbers or simply doubted the authenticity of the numbers. In this case, the poor scientist has the potential to reveal to his/her younger self the winning lottery numbers; however, something crops up which changes the fate of this poor scientist. This is normal in life; people try hard to do things that they would wish to; however, fate has it that they fail.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Paradoxes of Time Travel by David Lewis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Not because it is impossible to do such things, it is only that luck does not allow it. In this case, some eminent contradictions would sabotage the consistency of the story. One, the poor scientist does not reveal the numbers even though he can for he/she has them. Two, the poor scientist does not reveal the numbers, and he/she cannot for the past is unchangeable. According to Sider, Lewis would argue that, ‘can’ is equivocal; hence, the two scenarios are compatible (1). To say the poor scientist ‘could’ reveal the winning lottery numbers is compossible with contextual facts; that is, he had the numbers. The poor scientist could reveal to his/her younger self the winning lottery numbers just the way a teacher can read out answers to students. However, the poor scientist could not reveal the numbers to his young self because this scenario is not compossible with some other facts, he/she is poor in 2010, and this is the fact. Nevertheless, inter preting these two scenarios calls to choose either a wide delineation and conclude that the poor scientist cannot reveal the numbers or a narrow delineation of relevant facts and conclude that he/she can reveal the numbers. Relativity takes precedence here and either of the arguments can pass as true; however, one cannot afford to conclude that the poor scientist could and could not reveal the numbers simultaneously. The call to make choice here is to root out contradiction, which would otherwise refute the possibility of time travel. Conclusion Lewis points out that time travel is possible; however, one has to make a choice and argue his/her case out based on relativity of facts surrounding the subject under study. In the case of a poor scientist in 2010 traveling through a time machine to 2008, revealing to his younger self the winning numbers of a 2009 lottery, winning it and becoming rich in 2010, Lewis would criticize it on basis that, the past is unchangeable. However, Lewis w ould revise the story and throw in a possibility of such an event happening depending on the relativity of facts surrounding it. The poor scientist did not reveal the numbers to his younger self but he/she could do so because he/she had the numbers; however, he/she failed for he/she either misplaced the paper containing the numbers or simply doubted the authenticity of the same. On the other hand, the poor scientist did not reveal the numbers to his younger self and cannot because the past is unchangeable. The fact is, in 2010, the scientist is poor, and it depends on the stand that one takes in interpreting the possibility of this poor scientist going back to 2008 to reveal the winning numbers to his young self. Nevertheless, one cannot say that the poor scientist can and cannot travel back to 2008 simultaneously.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Gott, Richard. â€Å"Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel.† New York; Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Lewis, David. â€Å"The Paradoxes of Time Travel.† American Philosophical Quarterly. 1976: 13(2); 146-152. Sider, Ted. â€Å"Lewis on Time Travel.† Nd. Web.  http://tedsider.org/teaching/415/HO_time_travel.pdf This term paper on The Paradoxes of Time Travel by David Lewis was written and submitted by user Unicorn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Macbeth As A Machiavellian Man Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth As A Machiavellian Man Essays - Characters In Macbeth Macbeth As A Machiavellian Man Macbeth was a Machiavellian man. He committed many devilish crimes and he bribed men to do his murderous schemes. He used the power he had against other men to get what he wanted. Macbeth wanted to rule Scotland and when he was in command, if he was worried about someone or something, he made sure everything was taken care of to keep his mind at rest. He had regrets when he killed Duncan, but none of his sins evaded his mind, and he remained happy during the time he reigned as king. The only thing that he absolutely feared was Macduff and his own death. Macbeth used two men to accomplish his sin of killing Banquo and Fleance. Macbeth wanted Banquo and Fleance dead because Macbeth did not want any of Banquos descendants to acquire his position after he died. To turn the men against Banquo, Macbeth said that it was all Banquos fault that they were poor and did not have anything else to live for. That it was he in the times past, which held you/ So under fortune. (3.1.117-118) Macbeth keeps telling them how mean, selfish and heartless Banquo was. He made the men believe that Banquo was their rival. Both of you/ Know Banquo was your enemy. (3.1.131-132) Macbeth asks the men if they forgive Banquo for what he has done, to test their loyalty towards Banquo. To pray for this good man and for his issue,/ Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave. (3.1.99-100) Macbeth can divert the mind of a person with his performance. Macbeth wanted to rule Scotland and if anything got in his way, he was sure to get rid of it, no matter what it took. When Duncan was king, Macbeth killed him to acquire his reign. When Banquo suspected Macbeth of killing the king, Macbeth was worried that Banquo might find who really killed Duncan. Macbeth hired two men to kill Banquo. Macbeth also killed the family of Macduff because Macbeth was scared of him. The castle Macduff I will surprise/ Seize upon Fife, give to th edge o th sword (4.1.171-172) Macduff was his opponent. Macbeth knew Macduff could kill him in an instant. Macbeth had his regrets after he killed King Duncan. When he killed Banquo, his ghost haunted his conscience by making Macbeth regret killing his human form. At the time that Macbeth killed Macduffs family, Macbeth had no regrets what so ever. Macbeth never though twice about the killings, because Macduff was unfaithful to his king. After Macbeth killed Duncan, Macbeth wished he had not murdered him. To know my deed twere best not know myself./ Wake Duncan with thy knocking. (2.3.93-94) Once Macbeth was accustomed with murdering people, he did not have any regrets. There were only two things that really made Macbeth worry and made him scared, those being his own death and Macduff himself. Macbeth was terrified of dying for he wished to be King of Scotland forever. One other reason why he was afraid of his death was that the witches predicted that Banquos descendants would become king, and the line of kings would be long. Macbeth believed that he would live forever he trusted the witches which also told him that he would never be harmed until Birnam Wood climbed Dunsinane Hill and only a person who was not born from a woman could kill him. The reason that Macbeth was afraid of Macduff was because Macbeth knew that he was the real person who killed the king. Also, Macduff was gone to England to get the British army to fight Macbeth. Macbeth was scared of Macduff because he was able and strong enough to kill him and everyone was on the side of Macduff, since no one agreed with Macbeths ways anymore. Finally, Macbeth was very cruel and mean. He was an evil man who could go to any length to be in control. He used men to work, accomplishing his schemes, and was scared of nothing but death and his opponent. He did not have any regrets. Macbeth was very machiavelinious. He had all the characteristics of a Machavellian man. He was undoubtfully the man with the

The Invention of Fire Sprinkler Systems

The Invention of Fire Sprinkler Systems The world’s first sprinkler system was installed in the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in the United Kingdom in 1812. The systems consisted of a cylindrical airtight reservoir of 400 hogsheads (95,000 liters) fed by a 10in (250mm) water main which branched to all parts of the theatre. A series of smaller pipes fed from the distribution pipe were pierced with a series of 1/2 (15mm) holes which poured water in the event of a fire. Perforated Pipe Sprinkler Systems From 1852 to 1885, perforated pipe systems were used in textile mills throughout New England as a means of fire protection. However, they were not automatic systems, they did not turn on by themselves. Inventors first began experimenting with automatic sprinklers around 1860. The first automatic sprinkler system was patented by Philip W. Pratt of Abington, Massachusetts in 1872. Automatic Sprinkler Systems Henry S. Parmalee of New Haven, Connecticut, is considered the inventor of the first practical automatic sprinkler head. Parmalee improved upon the Pratt patent and created a better sprinkler system. In 1874, he installed his fire sprinkler system into the piano factory that he owned. In an automatic sprinkler system, a sprinkler head will spray water into the room if sufficient heat reaches the bulb and causes it to shatter. Sprinkler heads operate individually. Sprinklers in Commercial Buildings Until the 1940s, sprinklers were installed almost exclusively for the protection of commercial buildings, whose owners were generally able to recoup their expenses with savings in insurance costs. Over the years, fire sprinklers have become mandatory safety equipment  and are required by building codes to be placed in hospitals, schools, hotels and other public buildings. Sprinkler Systems Are Mandatory- But Not Everywhere ​In the United States, sprinklers are required in all new high-rise and underground buildings generally 75 feet above or below fire department access, where the ability of firefighters to provide adequate hose streams to fires is limited. Fire sprinklers are also  mandatory safety equipment North America in certain types of buildings, including, but not limited to newly constructed hospitals, schools, hotels and other public buildings, subject to the local building codes and enforcement. However, outside of the US and Canada, sprinklers are not always mandated by building codes for normal hazard buildings  which do not have large numbers of occupants (e.g. factories, process lines, retail outlets, petrol stations, etc).

Criminal Justice 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Criminal Justice 1 - Essay Example A delicate balancing act of this high speed pursuit is necessary because a lot is usually at stake. On one hand is the police wanting to prevent fleeing criminals from the authority and from facing their criminal charges and on the other hand is the fact that these high speed chases put many individuals at risk as mentioned earlier (Stevens, 2011). Police teach people to be law abiding and face up to their crimes but not flee from the law. This therefore necessitates them to engage fleeing criminals in high speed vehicular pursuits. Failure to engage them may lead to other fleeing criminals following suit and fleeing in high speed after committing crimes because they know the police will not pursue them. This will decrease the apprehension rate while at the same time encouraging more criminal activities that end up in the criminals fleeing at high speed from the crime scene and maybe even from the country. The other balance needed is to ensure that innocent citizens that are caught up in this vehicular pursuit are not in any way harmed. This also includes ensuring safety measures for those police officers involved directly in the high speed pursuit. Some of the measures the police have to put are preventative by educating the public about the potential risks of being caught up in such a pursuit and what they are expected to do immediately they realize that such a pursuit is ongoing. This may however not prove to be easy because most people do not realize about the high-speed chase until it is too late for them to prevent accidents and even shoot-outs from the criminals or the police. Some people also do not seem to think that this involves them or is their problem in any way and hence put themselves and others at risk (Peak, 2012). The cost of the pursuit is also an issue of debate in the balancing act. The costs involved include the traffic that will snarl up as a result of the chase and

Research Paper for College Course -- Introduction to Microeconomics

For College Course -- Introduction to Microeconomics - Research Paper Example Smith is credited with being the first to examine the importance of the division of labor and worker productivity and for advancing the idea that free markets thrive on the basis of mutual self-interest. Although Smith warned against monopolies and mercantilism, his notion that markets are driven toward the public good by an "invisible hand" has made him a venerated figure among free market doctrinaires. (Answers.com). The purpose of this paper is to describe the pros and cons of free trade. Trade allowed nations to obtain the goods and services the population needed in order to survive. In the 20th century the ability to trade with other nations became a critical success factor for many nations including the United States of America. Today free trade is practiced by many nations in the world. More than ever before in history we see that free trade agreements are being sought by the world’s most powerful countries, as well as the developing nations. In short, free trade agreements are now high on the political agendas of many nations and the World Trade Organization. The globalization movement has been instrumental in forcing nations to enter into free trade agreement. In North America the free trade agreement that is enforceable is the NAFTA agreement. The NAFTA opened up free trade between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. â€Å"NAFTA was designed to promote economic growth by spurring competition in domestic markets and promoting investment from both domestic and foreign sources† (Teslik). The reason that NAFTA was initiated was because President Bill Clinton in 1994 saw the European Union as a threat to the Americas. A free trade agreement between the United States and its two neighbors was crafted to be a plausible solution that would offset the growing global economic trading power of the European Union. The implementation of free trade agreements eliminates the imposition of tariffs in the trade of goods. As a consequence of the