Issue Paper Essays - Bush Family, Livingston Family, Schuyler Family

Issue Paper Issue paper In the two thousand presidential elections there are two main candidates. The candidates are Al Gore and Governor George W Bush. Al Gore is the candidate running for the Democratic Party and Bush is running for the Republic party. Each candidate has great points on certain issues. The president whom won my vote though, was Governor Bush. Bush won my vote for many reasons. Some of his feelings for certain issues met in agreement with mine. His main mentor is his father. He is governor, so he definitely has the leadership skills needed to be president. His tax cut plan seems to be highly intelligent. He feels that it is important to cut taxes to lessen government spending and to keep economy growing. He pledges to cut one point three trillion dollars for everyone. The best part being is that George wants to cut taxes for people of every class. He has what seems to be a great social security plan, which is to not cut social security for senior citizens. Bush doesn't even want to think of touching set aside money for social security. He wants to give younger workers the option to invest some of their contributions. According to George, his first priority is education. He wants to assist education any which way he can to increase its efficiency. He feels that the government should give schools more stately freedom. Govern or Bush has a list of principles to better schools, some of which are: having measurable goals, regular testing, accountability, local control, and competition. He applied this principle to Texas where he is govenor and the results are incredible. Gore did not win my vote. He didn't win it for a few reasons. He is the vice- president; this is proof that he definitely has the experience. He wants to bring more government into people's lives. He feels it is trully necessary. Al's first priority is campaign-finance reform. He feels that it needs many adjustments, for there are so many flaws in the old laws that contain it. Al wants to reduce the cost of campaigns, restore the faith of the people, and eliminate the influence of special interests and more. He offers great ideas but this shouldn't be his first priority. For social security he feels the system should be kept the same and have Uncle Sam fund extra retirement plans for the working class. He has many propositions of how to save the social security fund. Some of his propositions are; to devote all social security surpluses to social security, oppose efforts to raise the retirement age, three: improving fairness to widows, to create retirement savings plus accounts, which are tax-free accounts that are maintained by private financial institutions, and more. This shows he wants more government involvement. For his tax plan it seems that he wants to pick only certain people to give assistance to and neglect the others. Some categories he has chosen to help out are; Working families caring for children and aging parents, for educational purposes, Family liabilities, retirements, low-income communities, and more. My vote is for Bush, and stands firm. I like Gores tax plan a little better, but Bush's whole outlook seems more beneficial to me. I don't like Clinton too much and I feel that if we do get Gore as president it is just like reelecting Clinton. Gore has some good ideas but his wanting for more government involvement made him lose my vote. Overall Bush has better plans and ideas in-which government assistance is not needed.

9 Huge Mistakes Youre Making When Negotiating Salary

9 Huge Mistakes Youre Making When Negotiating Salary You might think landing a job is most of the battle. But don’t forget, over the course of negotiations- and indeed your whole career- there are a few mistakes you can make that will stick you with a low salary, and sometimes for a lot longer than you might expect. So when you’re negotiating a new offer, remember not to fall victim to any of the following mistakes, and make sure you set yourself up to earn as much as you are worth!1. Not NegotiatingPerhaps the worst negotiation mistake you can make is not to negotiate at all. Don’t just accept whatever offer you receive. You’ll be settling for less- even than they would expect to end up paying you. This can have immediate and long-term impact on your finances. Figure out your work before you get an offer. Then negotiate. It’s standard practice and will be expected of you, no matter whether or not you hate the process.2. Not Providing a RangeTake your total salary, plus perks, from three years ago, ve rsus your total salary today, plus perks, and you have a range! Then visit a site like Glassdoor or Payscale to figure out what other professionals in your desired position are making. If you have the experience and skill set to justify being compensated at their level, then you can extend your range a little higher than your current compensation. But be prepared to show why you deserve this.3. Winging ItYou will not be in a strong position to negotiate salary if you’ve half-assed your resume and the interview process. Make sure there’s a solid paper trail documenting your strengths and talents, showing how competitive a candidate you are, and also make sure you’ve made a solid and impressive first impression. This will net you a higher first offer, and also give you more leeway to negotiate even higher. Remember: the negotiation process is more about your value being rewarded than it is about your need or greed.4. Negotiating Too SoonThe moment you get the offe r is not the time to counter. Get all the details about your compensation- including non-salary benefits, PTO, etc. Then sit on it for a while. Thank them, politely ask for a day or two to review the details, and then get back to them with a respectful, reasonable counter.5. Revealing Your Bottom LineDon’t give hirers the upper hand by letting them know the number you would take to accept the job and end negotiations. They may very well offer you just that- and then where would you be? It would be impossible for you to negotiate up from there.6. Not Doing Your HomeworkYou can’t make claims about industry standards or your value in the market if you haven’t done thorough research. Don’t get caught out saying something that won’t smell right to professionals in your industry. In other words: don’t fake anything. Be prepared to back all things up with hard fact- including your own skill and experience.7. Flubbing the CounterYou get to the negot iation phase- either over email, phone, or in person- and you thank them for their generous offer, then make your counter, ending with a number or range that would be more acceptable to you. STOP THERE. Don’t keep blabbing on. Leave the ball in their court, then take it from there depending on what you get for a response. Remember not to ask for wildly too much- that can get you laughed right out of the running. And don’t forget you can also negotiate non-salaried perks. Don’t leave the table until you feel really excited and honored to accept the job- or so certain that you couldn’t make it work that you have to decline (knowing, of course, that you’ve made a good faith effort to get what you deserve).8. Taking Things PersonallyNegotiations are business. Not personal. Don’t get offended if they don’t go exactly as you wanted. Or if you get push-back on your requests. Remember, this is business. You need to behave that way. Keep it pr ofessional and keep your ego and your bruised feelings out of the room.9. Not Getting Your Final Offer in WritingYou get the offer you wanted. Great! But it’s not real, or binding in any way, unless you get it in writing. If an employer balks at your request to have this formalized, then that might be a big red flag that you should try your luck at some other, better-behaved company.And remember, developing a strategy to answering the desired salary question is a big step towards determining how much money you will be paid, so make sure to go over answering that question in detail, in addition to everything mentioned in this article.

Expanding Descriptive Verb Use

Expanding Descriptive Verb Use One of the most important steps in improving writing skills is expanding the use of more descriptive language when describing actions. Students tend to repeat verb usage: He said..., She told him..., She asked..., He ran quickly..., He walked across the room.... The target of this lesson plan is to get students more aware of the subtle variations that they can employ by using more descriptive verbs such as: He insisted on..., She giggled..., They nibbled on..., etc. Aim Improve descriptive verb usage in writing Activity Vocabulary expansion activity followed by writing activity focusing on expanding on a bare-bones extract Level Upper intermediate to advanced Outline Write the verbs say, laugh, walk, eat, think, drink on the board and ask students to divide into small groups to think up as many synonyms for these verbs as they can.Once students have finished this exercise, pool the results together as a class. You may want to have a student take notes and photocopy the class results.Have students return to their groups to do the exercise below matching general meaning verbs to more specific verbs.Once students have finished, compare answers as a class. Your acting abilities might be called for to explain the subtle differences between a number of the verbs.Next, ask students to write a simple story about something that has recently happened to them. Instruct them to use simple verbs such as say, do, make, tell, walk, etc.Have students pair up and exchange their stories. Each student should then elaborate the texts of the other student by using as many verbs previously studied as they can.Once students have finished and compared their stories, the class can have some fun reading the stories aloud. Interesting Writing Match the more specific verbs to the general meaning verbs in column one.​ General Verbs tell move say laugh eat drink throw run move hold walk Specific Verbs exclaim toss stagger munch slurp twist writhe hurl sip order swallow insist giggle clutch fidget chuckle sprint mutter wander instruct nibble gulp snigger lob hug trudge munch jog mention wriggle bend grasp stagger whisper pass swallow Related Lessons Writing Storms Short writing exercises on assigned tasks Basic Essay Writing Style An overview of basic essay writing style

Liability analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Liability analysis - Essay Example The basis of partnership can be made legal by either the word of mouth or through a written agreement. The partnership agreement administers the partner’s relation to each other and to the partnership. The agreement Partnerships between members of the family as in this case are viewed in a different perspective by the law. If the family members are to share in the profits it will be clear that they have a partnership, however, if they are to receive some share of the profits as repayment of debts, or wages the relation is termed as protected partnership, and there will be no legal indication that a business partnership exists. If the family members are to conduct any retail business, there will be clear evidence of an existence of a general partnership. The formation of the partnership is associated with certain rights and duties among the members and with third parties (Cheeseman, 257). Therefore, under this case, each partner will have a right to share in the profits, and al so contribute equally incase of a loss, unless the partnership agreement will have been otherwise stated. Additionally, each partner is allowed to take part equally in the supervision of the company partnership. Incase of a dispute, the majority vote rules. Nonetheless, under a partnership, each member is entailed to the duty of Good faith, and loyalty (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 7). That is, each partner is required to account to the other partners for any benefit that one receives when engaged in the business partnership. Under the duty of loyalty, no partner is permitted to use the partnership property for ones own personal gains. Also, the partners are not to engage in any business that competes with the partnership. In reference to the contribution of funds as the parents’ idea of 2 million, the contributed resources towards the growth of the business, becomes owned by all members under partnership (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 20). In addition, any oth er property that is to be purchased by any partner using the partnership assets automatically becomes partnership property and is held under the partnerships name as indicated by RUPA. Transfer of property is only possible under the name of the partnership and, and the partnership property cannot be sold without the consent of members of the partnership. In terms of liability, each member of the partnership is liable to the obligations of the partnership. That is, each partner is equally liable for the unlawful acts or blunder of a member-if the act is committed while the partner is acting under the authority of the other members, or on behaves of the partnership. In UPA Section 15(a) it is said that associates are jointly and severally responsible for the torts and violation of trust. (Cheeseman, 258) Under this a third party can sue one or more associates independently, â€Å"CASE 14.2 Tort Liability of General Partners Zuckerman v. Antenucci† (Cheeseman, 256). Despite the fact that a partner caught on the wrong is sued individually, the partnership agreement provides for the compensation of the partner for the fraction of damages in surplus of ones relative share of the business. Any member in the business partnership will be perceived as an agent of the partnership. That is, each member has the authority to act on behave of the business, and a members admission concerning

Strickland vs. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) Research Paper

Strickland vs. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) - Research Paper Example He said that his lack of ability to support his family caused the stress. While the attorney was preparing for the hearing, although he spoke with the defendant about his background, he failed to ask for a psychiatric evaluation of the defendant, to seek a presentence report or to look for character witnesses. His decision of not presenting evidence concerning the emotional state and character of the defendant reflected his judgment that as to such matters, relying on the plea colloquy for evidence was advisable in order to avert the State from carrying out a cross-examination on the defendant as well as presenting its own psychiatric evidence. The article further states that the reason behind the defense attorney not requesting a presentence report was that it would have included the criminal history of the defendant, which would in turn undermine the claim that he did not have any considerable prior criminal record (1). Finding no extenuating circumstances that would make it rule otherwise, the trial court pronounced a death sentence on the defendant. The defendant, following the exhaustion of his state court remedies, filed a habeas corpus petition in a federal district court in Florida. He challenged the death sentence arguing that there had been a violation of his Sixth Amendment right for the reason that during the sentencing proceeding, his defense counsel had not represented him effectively/adequately. Subsequent to an evidentiary hearing of the defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the District Court denied relief. Although the Florida’s federal district court rebuffed the petition, the defendant appealed in the United States’ Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which reversed it holding that according to the Sixth Amendment, criminal defendants had a right to receive plausibly effective help from the counsel given the totality of the

Science Paper on Tropism Essay Example for Free

Science Paper on Tropism Essay A tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus. Plants grow towards sources of water and light, which they need to survive and grow. Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tips and roots, which controls the direction of growth. Plant hormones are used in weedkillers, rooting powder and to control fruit ripening. Tropisms The direction of plant growth Plants need light and water for photosynthesis. They have developed responses called tropisms to help make sure they grow towards sources of light and water. There are different types of tropisms: Positive phototropism in plant stems * Tropism – growth in response to a stimulus * Positive tropism – towards the stimulus * Negative tropism – away from the stimulus * Phototropism – growth in response to the direction of light * Geotropism – growth in response to the direction of gravity Responses of different parts of the plant Auxin is a plant hormone responsible for controlling the direction of growth of root tips and stem tips in response to different stimuli including light and gravity. Auxin is made at the tips of stems and roots. Its moved in solution to older parts of the stem and root where it changes the elasticity of the cells. More elastic cells absorb more water and grow longer, causing bending in the stem or root. Its thought that light and gravity can interfere with the transport of auxin causing it to be unevenly distributed. Auxin experiment 3 groups of seeds are grown in a cardboard box. A when the tips are removed, no auxin is made so the stems do not grow B – when the tips are covered, auxin moves to all parts of the stem causing all parts to grow C when the tips are lit from one side only auxin accumulates on the shaded side causing it to grow more than the illuminated side Nervous System And Nerves Function: To transmit messages from one part of your body to another Neurons: Messenger cells in your nervous system Nerve impulses: Electrical signals carrying messages Neurotransmitters:Chemicals released by one neuron to excite a neighbouring one Millions of messengers Your nervous system contains millions of nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are highly specialised to transmit messages from one part of your body to another. All neurons have a cell body and one or more fibres. These fibres vary in length from microscopic to over 1 metre. There are two different kinds of nerve fibres: fibres that carry information towards the cell body, called dendrites, and fibres that carry information away from it, called axons. Nerves are tight bundles of nerve fibres. Teamwork Your neurons can be divided into three types: * Sensory neurons, which pass information about stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals from both inside and outside your body to your central nervous system * Motor neurons, which pass instructions from your central nervous system to other parts of your body, such as muscles or glands * Association neurons, which connect your sensory and motor neurons Electrical and chemical signals Your neurons carry messages in the form of electrical signals called nerve impulses. To create a nerve impulse, your neurons have to be excited. Stimuli such as light, sound or pressure all excite your neurons, but in most cases, chemicals released by other neurons will trigger a nerve impulse. Although you have millions of neurons that are densely packed within your nervous system, they never actually touch. So when a nerve impulse reaches the end of one neuron, a neurotransmitter chemical is released. It diffuses from this neuron across a junction and excites the next neuron. Protecting cells Over half of all the nerve cells in your nervous system do not transmit any impulses. These supporting nerve cells are located between and around your neurons to insulate, protect and nourish them. Chromosomes Every human cell has 46 molecules of double-stranded DNA. This DNA is coiled and supercoiled to form chromosomes. Each chromosome has around 50 to 250 million bases. Image Credit: genome.gov Human cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one from the father. The egg from the mother contains half of the 46 (23) and thesperm from the father carries the other half 23 of 46 chromosomes. Together the baby has all 46 chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Females have an XX chromosome while men have an XY chromosome. DNA DNA resides in the core, or nucleus, of each of the bodys trillions of cells. Every human cell (with the exception of mature red blood cells, which have no nucleus) contains the same DNA. The DNA is a double, stranded spiral forming a double helix. Each strand is made up of millions of chemical building blocks called bases. There are only four types of bases making up the DNA adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The order of these bases are changed with permutation and combination in a sequence and unique sequences code for proteins. The concept is similar to combination of alphabets to form words that further combine to form sentences. Genes The DNA in each chromosome constitutes many genes. The DNA also contains large sequences that do not code for any protein and their function is not known. The gene of the coding region encodes instructions that allow a cell to produce a specific protein or enzyme. There are nearly 50,000 and 100,000 genes with each being made up of hundreds of thousands of chemical bases. In order to make proteins, the gene from the DNA is coped by each of the chemical bases into messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) or mRNA. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and uses cell organelles in the cytoplasm called ribosomes to form the polypeptide or amino acid that finally folds and configures to form the protein. The human genome All the DNA in the cell makes up the human genome. There are about 20,000 important genes located on one of the 23 chromosome pairs found in the nucleus or on long strands of DNA located in the mitochondria. The DNA in the genes make up only around 2% of the genome. For some years now each of the sequences and genes discovered are carefully recorded as to their specific location, sequences etc. The whole information is stored in a database that is publicly accessible. Nearly 13000 genes have been mapped to specific locations (loci) on each of thechromosomes. This information was initiated by the work done as part of the Human Genome Project. The completion of the project was celebrated in April 2003 but the exact number of genes and numerous other genes in the genome of humans is as yet unknown. Genetic switches and non-coding DNA regions The genes that contain the information to make the necessary proteins are therefore ‘switched on’ in some of the specialized cells while the remaining genes are ‘switched off’. For example, the genes that are ‘switched on’ in kidney cells are different to those that are ‘switched on’ in brain cells because the cells of the brain have different roles and make different proteins. In addition to the Human genome project, more information is needed to find what each of the genes as well as the vast amounts of non-coding regions do. These non-coding regions form nearly 90% of the chromosome and earlier much of it was termed â€Å"junk DNA† as it appeared that this DNA did not contain the information for gene products that the cells use and produce. Now it is increasingly clear that the non-coding DNA has a very important role to play. That role is still largely unknown but is likely to include regulating which genes are ‘switched on’ or ‘switched off’ in each cell. The non-coding regions of the DNA is also important for forensic investigations and determining biological relationships – paternity etc. Promoter regions, exons introns of genes A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in RNAs that may vary in lengths. Some genes may have strong promoters that bind the transcription machinery well, and others have weak promoters that bind poorly. Weak ones allow for less transcription to protein than strong ones. Other possible regulatory regions include enhancers. These enhancers may help the weak promoters. Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons. These sequences are genes that have products with related functions. Long stretches of DNA that are coded to proteins are called introns and non-coding regions are called exons. Genes mutations Around 20,000 genes in the cell guide the growth, development and health of the animal or human. The genetic information contained in the DNA is in the form of a chemical code, called the genetic code. The code is similar in many ways and in most of the sequences across all living organisms. An allele is one variant of that gene. In many cases, all people would have the gene, but certain people will have a specific allele of that gene, which results in the trait. This could be a simple trait like hair or eye color. There are, however, variations in the genetic code that makes each individual unique. Most variations are harmless. However, variations to the genetic information can sometimes mean that some proteins are not produced properly, produced in the wrong amounts or not produced at all. Variations that make the gene faulty are called mutations. SNPs or single nucleotide polymorphisms are changes in a single base or single letter in the sequence and may code of a different protein altogether making it akin to a genetic mutation. Mutations of genes that are important for functions in the body can lead to a genetic condition that may affect growth or health of the individual. Some mutations do not directly cause disease but may make a person more susceptible to developing a genetic condition.

Using VotanWeb to Buy an Existing Website :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Using VotanWeb to Buy an Existing Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com Have you considered being your own boss, creating your own financial independence and making your dreams a reality? You're not alone, owning your own website is the new "American dream". But the reality is that buying a website is a serious financial and personal commitment that requires an understanding of what makes a website successful. All too often, people jump blindly into a new venture. Before they know it, they are overwhelmed by the tremendous workload of starting a website from the ground up. A government survey shows that 80% of new websites fail within the first year. An existing, established website which is purchased by a new owner shows a minimal failure rate. If you have considered owning your own website, buying an existing website has many advantages over building a website from scratch: You can review actual operating results, rather than projected results. You get immediate cash flow from the ongoing website activities. You will have a trained webmaster already in place. You will have established suppliers. You will have established customers and referral business. The seller will train you in operating the website. VotanWeb ranks number one in the sale of existing websites. VotanWeb has over ten years experience of matching the right website opportunity with the right buyer. It's that simple. From understanding the reasons an on-going website can provide a positive cash flow, to the value of an established domain name and customer base to the inner workings of a website. VotanWeb can make your dreams reality. The right website will pay for itself over and over again - let VotanWeb show you how. Unlike the sale of a house or car, the sale of an on-going website is very confidential for both the seller and the prospective buyer.

The Policies of Harry S. Truman

Many presidents have faced domestic and international problems, but it is a challenge not to know about them until you become the president of the United States, that is what happened to the 33rd President of the United States Harry S. Truman At the time of Roosevelt’s death, Truman was Vice-President for only 82 days and he faced more challenges in domestic and foreign affairs than any other U. S. president did at the time, yet he manages to steer this country in the right direction. Truman knew nothing about the Manhattan Project, and the atomic bomb. When Truman took the reins unexpectedly, (April 12, 1945) he was forced to deal with keeping a nation together and winning the greatest war history had ever seen. The first issue of foreign policy that Truman confronted was the decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan. No decision of his presidency has drawn so much criticism as the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August). The question is whether he could have done anything else—that is, whether he could have delayed use of the bombs by opting for a demonstration of their immense power or refused to employ what General Dwight D. Eisenhower described many years after its employment as an inhuman weapon. The Charter of the United Nations was signed in June 26, 1945 in San Francisco by Truman and ratified by the Senate in October 24, 1945. Originally ratified by 51 countries, currently 192 countries have ratified the charter. The Charter of the United Nations is by far the largest peace keeping Organization treaty it ever existed to date. Truman as a vision of a wilsonian he is, he wouldn’t let Wilson’s idea revived into the Truman straightforward he is to let this idea die again. The Proclamation 2695 (July 4, 1946) served as the culmination of American colonialism in the Philippines and proclaimed the absolute independence of the Filipino people as the United States withdraws and surrendered all rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty. It was supposed that the United States relinquished control over the islands in 1944 but with the war on the Pacific the United States Senate decided to delay by two years. Now from this point forward the Unites States recognized the new independent state of the Philippines and the Unites States relinquish any control over the new created state. The nations of Europe were ravaged after WWII. Poor countries were susceptible to Communism. Truman’s announce Congress the change in policy by the means of the Truman Doctrine (12 March 1947), which promised United States support to countries threatened by Communism. It stated that totalitarian governments undermined the foundations of international peace, and thus were a threat to the United States. It was used in Greece and Turkey after the communists tried to take over, and a revolution erupted, the United States supplied the anti-Communist forces with money and arms. This policy was the adoption of containment as official U. S. policy. The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (or commonly known as the Rio Treaty), was signed in Sept. 2, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro (hence the name Rio Treaty) and ratified by the United States Senate in 1947. Originally ratified by all 22 American republics which are Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Under the treaty, an armed attack or threat of aggression against a signatory nation, whether by a member nation or by some other power, will be considered an attack against all. This treaty puts a defensive alliance of the Western Hemisphere nations, and this agreement was a move toward a multilateral approach to the Monroe Doctrine and the most important inter-American agreement to this day. This treaty also puts the groundwork for the formation the Organization of American States (OAS) a few years later in Colombia. The Marshall Plan (June 5, 1947), Truman proposed the Marshall Plan to sponsor reconstruction in Europe. The Marshall Plan passed in 1947, right after the Czechoslovakian Communist revolution. Congress appropriated $5. 8 billion for the first fifteenth months, and contemplated further spending. The Marshall Plan included most of the nations of Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (Switzerland signed the convention creating an organization for the plan, but refused to accept funds. ) Congress included (National) China in Marshall Plan appropriations. The National Security Act (July 26, 1947) mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U. S. Government. The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useful when formulating and implementing foreign policy, including the National Security Council (NSC). The Council itself included the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, and other members (such as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency), who met at the White House to discuss both long-term problems and more immediate national security crises. Truman never went and didn’t take importance in these meetings until the Korea War in 1950 when Truman took the seriousness of the conflict and began to form part of these meetings. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (October 30, 1947) set the basic rules under which open a nondiscriminatory free trade policy in which it can take place. This treaty meant to reduce trade barriers among the 23 countries signatory nations. The GATT sought to create an institutional framework within which international trade could be conducted as stable and predictable as possible. The Charter of the Organization of American States (April 30, 1948) was signed by 21 nations (this are the same nations that signed the Rio treaty except for the Bahamas delegation) of the western hemisphere at the conclusion of the ninth Pan-American Conference in Bogota, Colombia which reconstituted the Pan-American Union to the Organization of American States in which they reaffirmed its commitment as when they signed the Rio treaty â€Å"to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence. The Truman administration hoped that the Organization would eventually assume the mounting responsibilities for solving hemispheric problems, but the U. S. would always play the dominant role. The provisional government of the state of Israel proclaims the new state of Israel (May 14, 1948). On that same date the United States, president Truman acknowledges and recognized the provisional Jewish government as de facto authority of the new Jewish state (de jure recognition was extended on January 31). The U. S. delegates to the U. N. and top ranking State Department officials were angered that Truman released his recognition statement to the press without notifying them first. The Berlin Airlift (June 27, 1948-May 12, 1949) was the greatest humanitarian and aviation event in history. Since the Allies had never negotiated a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors deep within the Soviet-occupied zone. The commander of the American occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, proposed sending a large armored column driving peacefully, as a moral right, down the autobahn across the Soviet zone to West Berlin, with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. Truman, however, following the consensus in Washington, believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war. He approved a plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift, a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as coal, using military airplanes on a massive scale. Nothing remotely like it had ever been attempted before, and no other nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to have accomplished it. The airlift worked; ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. The airlift continued for several months after that. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes as president; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948. The Genocide Treaty it was signed December 12, 1948 it went in force in 1951 but the U. S. ratification came November 23, 1988. Although it took four decades to ratify the treaty, this international agreement made genocide an international crime during both war and peace. The North Atlantic Treaty (4 April 1949), which assured military assistance, resolved the economic and political near-chaos of Europe after World War II. These measures would, he believed, preserve democracy in Western Europe and thereby help preserve the freedom of the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) comprised the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Britain, Canada, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, West Germany in 1955, and Spain in 1982. The situation in the Pacific was not much better than that in Europe. In the Potsdam Conference in Germany and in the Cairo Conference, it was agreed that Korea would become a free and independent nation once the war is over. However, after V-J Day, the Soviet government was quick to establish a Communist regime. The United States under the Truman administration helped Korea setup a democratic government on the Southern Part of the peninsula. North Koreans crossed the border in full force (June 25, 1950). The UN, presented with its first real conflict, acted quickly, partly because the Soviet representative had walked out a few days earlier in protest of Communist China's lack of representation (it was represented by Nationalist China). War was declared on the aggressors by the United Nations. Although all nations contributed, it was mostly the United States fighting the war. The war lasted for about three years until an armistice was signed splitting Korea again along the 38th parallel. Macarthur stated to President Truman that the Chinese wouldn’t enter the war and this conflict would be over by Christmas. That was the most erroneous statement that Gen. Macarthur said to president Truman because since Gen. Macarthur was anxious to wrap up the war he ordered American and other U. N. troops to press on to the Yalu River and since the communist Chinese didn’t want that buffer zone gone they enter in force. In doing this, he ignored the warnings of the Communist Chinese as well as a directive by military planners in Washington to send only South Korean troops into the provinces bordering China. Macarthur never thought that the Communist Chinese were going to invade North Korea, but since it happen he wanted authorization for a full scale invasion of China and bring the Chinese Nationalist to fight in Korea and in weak positions of Communist mainland China, but since Truman didn’t wanted WWIII it refused Macarthur plan. Macarthur frustrated started to say its plans publicly without Washington’s authorization and for insubordination; Truman fired Macarthur on the grounds that Macarthur wasn’t the Commander in Chief. Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House (November 1, 1950). This put and important question mark the relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico and since Truman understood that, he allowed a plebiscite in Puerto Rico to determine its future relationship with the United States. As for the Torresola, he was shot a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt, before expiring himself and Collazo as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into homicide was guilty of murder and sentence to death in 1952, but Truman changed it to life in prison. This attack could well be implemented since the gunfight was over a dozen feet of his bed and since he was curious went to the window to see until a passerby shout to Truman to take cover. The Tripartite Security Treaty (Anzus Treaty) was signed September 1. 951 and came in force April 29, 1952. This Treaty, signed a few years after WWII, it was designed to send a signal to Communist China and the Soviet Union that Western-oriented countries were determined to stop new aggressive moves in the Pacific. The U. S. -Japanese Security Treaty (San Francisco Treaty) was signed September 8, 1951 by 49 nations and came in force April 28, 1952 in which the United States agreed to assume primary responsibility for the conventional defens e of a disarmed Japan and an exclusive role in providing nuclear deterrence. Japan would have renounce the ability to declare war and its military would be for peacekeeping forces and ensured the formal return of independence at the expense of large military presence in the country and also ensured that any attack against Japan, the United States makes responsible of any protection and retaliation in the name of the Japanese Diet. The Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act) (June 27, 1952) upheld the national origins quota system established by the Immigration Act of 1924, reinforcing this controversial system of immigrant selection. It also ended Asian exclusion from immigrating to the United States and introduced a system of preferences based on skill sets and family reunification. Plus this Act expanded the United States definition to Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands in addition to Puerto Rico and U. S. Virgin Islands which is used currently. At the basis of the Act was the continuation and codification of the National Origins Quota System. It revised the 1924 system to allow for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality's population in the United States in 1920. As a result, 85 percent of the 154,277 visas available annually were allotted to individuals of northern and western European lineage. The Act continued the practice of not including countries in the Western Hemisphere in the quota system, though it did introduce new length of residency requirements to qualify for quota-free entry. There were other positive changes to the implementation of immigration policy in the 1952 Act. One was the creation of a system of preferences which served to help American consuls abroad prioritize visa applicants in countries with heavily oversubscribed quotas. Under the preference system, individuals with special skills or families already resident in the United States received precedence, a policy still in use today. Moreover, the Act gave non-quota status to alien husbands of American citizens (wives had been entering outside of the quota system for several years by 1952) and created a labor certification system, designed to prevent new immigrants from becoming unwanted competition for American laborers. Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because he regarded the bill as â€Å"un-American† and discriminatory. Truman’s veto was overridden by a vote of 278 to113 in the House, and 57 to 26 in the Senate. Parts of the McCarran-Walter Act remain in place today, but much of it was overturned by the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965. These reversals in foreign policy, from isolation to world power, established Truman's reputation as one of the nation's greatest presidents. Which helped placed an economic foundation to struggling nations of Western Europe and Northeast Asia. Truman's domestic policies as president took far less of his time, and proved far less successful, than his foreign policies. Here also he dealt with three major issues: The administration of the modern American presidency, a legislative program known as the Fair Deal, and Republican accusations of internal subversion and corruption. He managed well with two of these domestic matters. The Executive Order 9599 (August 18, 1945) Provides assistance to expand production and continued stabilization of the national economy during the transition from war to peace, and for the orderly modification of wartime controls over prices, wages, materials, and facilities. The Executive Order 9635 (September 29, 1945) Organizes the Navy Department, defines what is the Naval Establishment as well it defines the duties of the Chief Naval Operations and declare that the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard are part of the Naval Establishment. The Executive Order 9646 (October 25, 1945) Rearranges the Coat of Arms, Seal and Flag of the President of The United States to accommodate the newest incorporated states into the Union. The War Brides Act (December 28, 1945) relaxes the immigration regulations to allow foreign born spouses and children of U. S. military personnel to settle in the United States. The Employment Act (Murray Act) (February 20, 1946) stimulates the economy following WWII, creating agencies in Congress and in the executive branch to focus on the problems of the depression and inflation. The Executive Order 9728 (May 21, 1946) Truman seized most of the nation's bituminous coal mines so that the secretary of the interior could negotiate a contract with mineworkers. As authority, EO 9728 had cited, among other things, the War Labor Disputes Act. The Hobbs Acts (Anti-Racketeering Act) (July 3, 1946). This made it unlawful to interfere with interstate commerce by robbery or extortion and reined labor unions ability to enforce the interests of their constituents within the boundaries of the law. The Federal Tort Claims Act (August 2, 1946) enabled private citizens to sue the government when a federal employee harms a third party or private property by committing an international tort or by negligence. The Supreme Court later barred military personnel from suing the federal government for injuries suffered while performing their jobs. The Taft-Hartley Act (June 23, 1947), was designed to amend much of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (the Wagner Act) and discontinued parts of the Federal Anti-Injunction Act of 1932. It limit the power of unions from contributing to political campaigns, It forbids jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts, It permits union shops only after a majority of the employees vote for them, It declares all closed shops illegal and the president is allow to appoint a board of inquiry to investigate unions when he believes a strike would endanger the health and safety, and obtain an 80-day injunction to stop the strike. Even president Truman was against this and vetoes it but it was overridden. The Presidential Succession Act (July 18, 1947) corrected the weaknesses in the line of presidential succession as outlined in the original Constitution. The Water Pollution Control Act (June 30, 1948) extended the reach of the federal government by establishing cooperative arrangements with states for grants, research, and technical assistance. This Act addressed the nation’s water-quality problems by attempting to establish a cooperative relationship between the federal and state governments. This legislative piece since it was far ahead of its time, he decided to turn this legislation into an Executive Order at the same time running the risk of being overturn by another Executive Order but it worked, it is Executive Order 9981 (July 26, 1948) that provided integration of the armed forces and establishes equal treatment and opportunity in the armed services. The Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act (April19, 1950) attempted to improve conditions in one of the most impoverished areas of the United States; this Act funded the construction of roads, schools, and other developments on the Navajo and Hopi reservations. The Internal Security Act (McCarran Act) (September 23, 1950) established the Subversive Activities Control Board, aimed at stopping communist subversion in the United States, calling for the registration of all known communist organizations and individuals in the United States. The Celler-Kefauver Act (December, 29 1950) prohibited certain types of mergers between firms in the same industry, the Celler-Kefauver Act led companies to form conglomerates made up of companies in unrelated industries. The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 amended the Clayton Act by closing a loophole that allowed companies to avoid antitrust suits by acquiring assets (rather than stock) of another company. The Twenty-Second Amendment was ratified February 27, 1951 and it was certified in record breaking time of March 1, 1951. Shortly after Franklin Roosevelt’s unprecedented fourth term as president, the twenty-second Amendment was adopted to established presidential limits to two (2) terms. The Executive Order 10340 (April 8 1952) Truman directed Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize the mills to ensure their production to support the war efforts just hours before a scheduled strike. Since the Taft-Hartley Act passed in Congress the Supreme Court goes in emergency session in the case of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Secretary of Commerce) in a 6 to 3 decision on Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer declared the seizure unconstitutional. The Court held that Truman could have used the Taft-Hartley Act to delay the strike, but Truman disliked the law too much to use it. In Supreme Court appointments, Truman wasn’t cautious choosing the Supreme Court Justices because significantly all four were friends of the dear president and all four were more political background rather than judicial. Justice Harold Burton in 1945, Chief Justice Fred Vinson in 1946, and Justices Sherman Minton and Tom Clark in 1949 – generally shared his views regarding the judiciary. Burton and Minton had served with Truman in the Senate; Vinson and Clark had served in Truman's Cabinet (the former as Treasury Secretary and the latter as Attorney General). Vinson, Truman's choice as Chief Justice, was a favorite poker-playing companion of the President, who hoped that his friend's political skills would help restore harmony to what had become an increasingly contentious and divided Court. But the Vinson Court continued to be plagued by internal conflicts. Justice Hugo Black's commitment to judicial activism in defense of civil liberties and the Bill of Rights clashed with Justice Felix Frankfurter's belief in judicial restraint and deference to legislative authority. Philosophical differences were aggravated by personal animosities on the Court, most notably between Black and Justice Robert H. Jackson. Much to a surprise the American people thought that president Truman was an outsider and it was, he knew nothing about the atomic bomb (was investigating large expenditures in Oak Valley, Tennessee but didn’t knew for what purpose it was) and he ordered the release of the weapons in Japan, send troops to the Korea conflict although it resulted in a stalemate. Recognized two countries (Pakistan and Israel) and helped another country to became independent (Philippines), Signed the UN charter, authorized the Berlin Airlift, it’s a founding of the OAS, authorized a plebiscite to the people of Puerto Rico to determined the future of relations with the U. S. saved Greece and Turkey from Communist rule. Although he could do better in domestic policy, but from being only 82 days as Vice-president knowing nothing about policy and saving the world from catastrophe, that is an exceptional President if you ask me, he is truly the Prince of Foreign Policy. Works Cited S. Avi-Yonah, Reuven. U. S Laws, Acts, and Treaties. Library Edition. Vol. 2. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 2003. Print. United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Proclamation 2695-Independence of the Philippines. 4 July 1946. 10 April 2009. . United States. Department of State. Kennan and Containment, 1947. September 1997. 9 April 2009. . United States. Department of State. National Security Act of 1947. September 1997. 8 April 2009. < http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603. htm>. United States. Department of State. Background Notes: United Nations. September 1997. 4 April 2009. < http://www. state. gov/www/background_notes/united_nations_0997_bgn. html>. United States. Department of State. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act). September 1997. 9 April 2009. < http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/87719. htm>. United States. The White House, Executive Office of the President. National Security Council History. 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. < http://www. whitehouse. ov/administration/eop/nsc/history/>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9599, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. < http://www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=368&st=&st1>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9635, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. < http://www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=350&st=9635&st1>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9646, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9728, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1946). 2 April 2009. 9April 2009. < http://www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=459&st=9728&st1>. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No . 9981, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1948). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No . 10340, 3 C. F. R. 3(1952). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The University of Texas Digital Library Services Division. The Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. 1 April 2009. 7 April 2009.

Pastoral Care and Counseling

Introduction Pastoral care and Counseling is one of the important ministries in the Church at any place in the world. Our churches are filled with people who experience crisis, lost, loneliness, anxiety, depression, divorced, and family problems. Pastors have a huge opportunity to help people just by listening and encouraging those in household of faith. In some cases it is just enough to listen and teach biblical principles of living but in the other cases there is the need to be specifically train people for a specialized ministry of counseling with deeper problems.In the context of my Country, Russia, I choose three issues which mostly need response in the churches. These issues are Premarital Counseling, Marriage Counseling and Crisis care and Counseling. Most of the times we do not feel comfortable to talk about these issues on the church but it do not mean that the problems do not exist. To have a healthy church these issues need to be addressed and pastors need to learn how to approach people because the people are not going to approach pastors first and ask for help. Part I: Premarital CounselingPsychologist Carl Rogers once gave a sobering perspective on marriage. â€Å"If 50-75 percent of Ford or General Motors cars completely fell apart within the early part of their lifetimes as automobiles,† Rogers wrote, â€Å"the public outcry would be overwhelming and drastic steps would be taken to correct the situation. † But this happens to many marriages and hardly anyone rises any complain. Divorce is fre ¬quent, fewer than half of the marriages that persist could be considered successful, and often couples seem unable or unwilling to correct the situation.The same situation and attitude to marriage we have in Russian, people usually get marry in age of 20 and mostly marriages fail after first three years. When I was getting my bachelor degree, 90% of my classmates were getting married at ages of 20 – 21 but 95% of them got divorced i n the senior year of College. I am talking about secular world and we may have a different statistics among Christians but the fact is that young people have no clue what marriage is about.There are many reasons for the present instability of marriages, but one of the many causes of failure is built prima ¬rily on sexual attraction, the desire to escape from a difficult home situation, a vague feeling of love, or some equally fleeting motive. Many marriage relationships are too flimsy to survive the pressures, challenges, and storms of daily living. Unprepared for the stresses or for the effort and determination required making mar ¬riage work, many people prefer to give up and bail out. That which was meant to be meaningful and fulfilling thus becomes frustrating and personally devastating.I believe that if the society in Russian would pay more attention on premarital counseling in the church and outside then the family institution would have grow stronger and that would lead t he country to success because the foundation of any country is the family institution. Premarital counseling seeks to help individuals, couples, and groups of couples to prepare for and build happy, fulfilling, Christ-honoring, and successful marriages. There are many values in premarital counseling if it is done carefully and consistently by the pastor. One of these values is the satisfaction that it brings to him personally.One pastor cannot change this societal attitude by himself, but each one can experience the inner reward of knowing he has done his part to change this pre ¬vailing attitude. The values of premarital counseling are first of all to help the couple to approach marriage more realistically because they are aware of only two things that they are in love, and they want to spend their lives together. Another value of premarital counseling is that it affords each partner a better understanding of himself. A value of great importance is the knowledge that each partner gains of the other through the counseling process.The pastor must help the partners to gain a greater understanding of the thought patterns of each other. Another practical value of premarital counseling is that partners can see the value of, and gain experience in the skill of communication. Finally, a great value of premarital counseling is that it helps persons to realistically determine if they are making the right choice regarding marriage. Reasons for premarital guidance Gary Collins outlines seven basic principles of premarital counseling that I found helpful in my context. These are: 1.Unrealistic Expectations That Can Lead to Disillusionment. When they ap ¬proach marriage, perhaps most people assume that they have unique relationships. Perhaps these expectations are changing now that marriage failures are so much taken for granted. Often there is impatience, insensitivity, self-centered, attitudes, inadequate skill in relating, and great disappointment and disillusionmen t when one's expectations for marriage are not met quickly. Premarital counseling lets couples express, discuss, and realistically modify their expectations for marriage. 2.Personal Immaturity That Can Lead to Insensitivity. Most 92% marriages in Russian happened because of pregnancy and this is the normal thing nowadays. It is not surprising that one's attitudes and behavior within a marriage differ little from the characteristics that were brought to the relationship. If one or both of the participants are self-centered, hypercritical, impatient, competitive, or striving for status—that is, immature—before marriage, these traits will put a strain on marital stability later. People who are irresponsible before marriage tend to be irresponsible after the wedding.Premarital counseling should seek to uncover and discuss the self-centered tendencies that put strain on a marriage. The couple must be taught how to resolve differences, and they must develop both sensitivity and a willingness to accept and meet each other's needs. This involves giving freely to one's mate just as Christ gave to us. 3. Changing Roles That Can Lead to Confusion. Confusion and conflict may follow when a man and woman each come to marriage with unclear roles and vague expectations about their own and each other's responsibilities.Differing assumptions and views about who is supposed to do what can lead to tension unless the couple has learned to communicate honestly, not defensively, and in loving way. Premarital counseling provides an opportunity for a couple to begin this type of communication. Together they can learn to discuss their different expectations and decide on areas of responsibility. Such role clarification must not ignore biblical teachings. According to Scrip ¬ture, both the Christian husband and wife must be filled with the Spirit: daily confessing sin, giving thanks, and praying for the Holy Spirit to control each of their lives.There also must be an att itude of mutual submission to each other, but the more stringent requirements are laid on the husband. The husband and wife are equally valuable and equally important in the building of a good marriage, but they have different responsibilities. 5. Loosening Sexual Standards That Can Lead to Immorality. Sex before marriage is not new and neither is it rare, even among Christians. But as a result of these more liberal attitudes, dating for many has become a time for exploring each other's bodies and genitals instead of each other's mind, feelings, beliefs, values, and expectations.Sexual standards are loosening and premarital sex, even among Christians, appears to be more preva ¬lent. Nevertheless the Bible still calls this immorality a violation of God's best for our lives. Issues like this should be discussed honestly, faced compassionately, and examined biblically. 6. Previous Experiences That Can Lead to Overconfidence. Books on premarital counseling often assume that most coupl es are young, inexperienced, and entering their first marriage. This is not always true. Many prospective brides and grooms have been previously married.Some previously married people recognize the need for new adjustments and appreciate the help that can come from a sensitive counselor. More often, it seems, people approaching remarriage resist premarital counseling and assume that it is unnecessary and only for those who have had no prior marital experience. The counselor can challenge unrealistic attitudes, help the couple see potential problems that even previously married people might miss, and guide them to resolve issues that may have been unresolved following the previous marriage. 7. Circumstances That Can Lead to Later Misery.When they come to marriage, some people bring what one counselor calls red-flag situations that need special scrutiny and evaluation. Some of these circumstances were mentioned as pregnant bride, one or both participants on the rebound from a previous marriage or engagement, serious drug involvement, emotional problems or mental instability, serious mental or physical handicaps, no financial security, contrasting cultural backgrounds or religious beliefs, wide gaps in education or age differences, and knowing each other for a very short time. Many marriages do not survive.Premarital counseling should not be viewed as a painful procedure designed to snatch unsuspecting couples from the grips of marital misery. Most premarital counseling is done, not with pathological people, but with relatively healthy indi ¬viduals who can be helped to enhance and enrich a growing relationship. Format It should be obvious that a counselor cannot accomplish all of these purposes in one brief interview. Most writers recommend that there be at least five or six one-hour sessions prior to the wedding. This of course can be demanding.It is easy for time pressures and counselee busyness to combine in convincing the counselor that a briefer period of premarital counseling would suffice. Try to resist that temptation. There is much to be discussed if a marriage is to be built on a solid foundation. The general goals according to Hamilton, include the following: (1) an understand ¬ing of the meaning of marriage within the framework of biblical truth and Christian theology, (2) an understanding of the problems affecting marriage in contemporary culture, and (3) an understanding of the Christian concept of the value of human personality.As the pastor deals with these broad concepts he seeks to expand his counselees' awareness of the importance of marriage in the light of its biblical and historical roots, of the unique pressures being brought upon marriage in our times, and of Christianity's view of the worth of persons. All of these goals are of vital importance in building a sound philosophy of marriage.The specific goals, according to Hamilton, center in the following areas: (1) an understanding of each partner's role-percepti on in the forth ¬coming marriage, (2) an understanding of each partner's role-expectation of the other, (3) an understanding of how each partner evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the other, (4) an understanding of the potential strengths and weaknesses of the proposed marriage, and (5) a careful examination of particular problems likely to arise.The underlying, practical goal of all premarital counsel ¬ing is twofold: (1) to enable the partners to pre-solve some potential marriage problems before they arise; and (2) to give the partners knowledge of, and experience in, the art of com ¬munication, which is so necessary in the building of a rich and rewarding relationship. The pastor who wishes to do a creditable job of premari ¬tal counseling should think in terms of at least three sessions: (1) one with the woman, (2) one with the man, and (3) one with both.In each of the individual sessions the pastor will be engaging in four main functions: (1) listening, (2) quest ion ¬ing, (3) analyzing, and (4) teaching. Listening As in other types of counseling, the pastor needs to hear what is, and is not, being said. Only by careful listening can the pastor come to valid insights regarding the counselee’s real feelings about his personal relationship with the proposed marriage partner. Questioning Skillful use of questions enables the pas ¬tor to gather the type of data he needs to help persons prepare for marriage.Questioning will center in the two broad areas of facts and feelings. The area of facts will have to do with such aspects as how they met, how long they have known each other, how long they have dated, and when they plan to marry. The questioning should then move to the deeper level of feelings. This area has to do with such matters as the counselee’s true feelings about the idea of marriage, the de ¬mands of marriage, his perception of his partner as a marriage mate, and his own feelings regarding his ability to be a suità ‚ ¬able marriage partner.The pastor should not hesitate to question his counselees regarding their feelings about every aspect of the marriage relationship including such matters as where they will live and in what kind of dwelling, how many children they want, where they will attend church, whether the wife will be em ¬ployed outside the home (along with how long, how much, and what kind of work), how they will use their leisure time, where they will find their friends and how they will develop social relationships, how each feels about the husband's job, and if either plans for further education.He should also ex ¬amine their attitudes toward in-laws, money, and sex. As the pastor probes the deeper levels of his parishioners' feelings he gains the type and amount of information he needs as he pro ¬ceeds to analysis. Analyzing After the data is sorted out and analyzed, the pastor is ready for a joint session (or sessions) with the partners. In most cases there will be some di fferences in how each partner perceives certain aspects of the future marriage. These are the areas that will need to be given special and care ¬ful attention during the joint session.It is at this time that the two partners will need to be shown the importance of com ¬munication. It will also provide a rich opportunity for them to begin to develop new and better ways of communicating their feelings to each other. Teaching Lastly, the pastor engages in the function of teaching. The amount and type of teaching that is to be done will be determined by what the pastor has discovered in the individual counseling sessions. The broad areas covered in his teaching will usually include the Christian view of mar ¬riage, the tatus of marriage in contemporary culture, the responsible use of sex, the basic differences in maleness and femaleness (most feel they understand the opposite sex but do not), and the art of communication. As a part of his teach ¬ing function the pastor should be prepared to recommend and loan helpful books and articles in areas where the partners lack understanding. It is also important for the pastor to point out the value of a medical examination for the prospective bride, if not for both partners. Thorough work in premarital counseling may involve more than three counseling sessions, but that is the minimum.While this is both time-consuming and exhausting, it is less so than marriage counseling. If a pastor does his premarital counseling work well he may be saving himself, or some other pastor or counselor, from involvement in more extensive mar ¬riage counseling later on. Of greater significance, of course, is that premarital counseling helps couples to build the kind of relationships that are both solid and satisfying We have high incidences of divorce in the church in Russia particularly among young people because they are often pushed into early marriage by teenage pregnancies.Such people do not have any opportunity for premarital counseling. The church often treat them with disdain and may not be readily open to give them some basic premarital counseling that would help sustain them when they get married. Part II: Marriage Counseling Marriage is not a very stable institution at least in the Western and Eastern worlds. In Russia the average duration of a marriage is only 5 years. More than a million couples are divorced every year. Many who stay together have marriages tolerable but not especially happy.Even though happy marriages like these do exist and are possible, we live in a time when marital unhappiness is more common and where many see divorce as a convenient and ever-present fire escape should marital conflicts get too hot to handle. Marriage, the permanent union created by God, is treated more and more as a temporary arrangement of convenience. Marriage is one of the first topics discussed in the Bible. But what does the Bible say about marital problems and ways to help troubled mar ¬riages? Almo st nothing!It should be remembered that marital conflict often is a symptom of something deeper, such as selfishness, lack of love, unwillingness to forgive, anger, bitterness, communication problems, anxiety, sexual abuse, drunkenness, feelings of inferior ¬ity, sin, and a deliberate rejection of God's will. Each of these can cause marital tension, each can be influenced by husband-wife conflict, and each is discussed in the Bible. The causes of marital problems Some common marital problems as found in Russian culture outline by Collins as follow: 1. Faulty Communication.In the professional literature, this probably is the most commonly mentioned cause of marital discord. Citing James 4:1-3, psychologist Lawrence Crabb notes that communication problems inevitably result when people pursue self-centered goals, but sometimes problems also come because individuals have not learned how to communicate clearly and efficiently. Most of us would agree that occasional miscommunication bet ween spouses is inevitable. When miscommunication is more common than clear communication, however, the marriage begins to have serious problems.Poor communication tends to breed more of the same. Try to remember that communication is a learned interaction. Even when it is not good, people can learn to make it better. 2. Underintegrated or Overintegrated Relationships, Getting close to another person is risky. We open ourselves to criticism and possible rejection when we let another person know us intimately, he become aware of our insecurities, or see our weaknesses. Since most of us have learned the value of fending for ourselves, it is not easy to trust another person—even when that other person is a marriage partner 3 Interpersonal Tension.When two people marry, each comes to the marriage with approximately two or more decades of past experiences and ways of looking at life. Each has perspectives that are not shared by the other and sometimes, even when there is a sincere desire for compromise or synthesis, couples still has diffi ¬culty resolving their differences. What happens if there is unwillingness to change, insensitivity to the other person's viewpoints, or a refusal to acknowledge the differences?Often there is tension that frequently centers on one of the following issues: Sex: At times most couples have sexual problems. These include lack of accu ¬rate knowledge, unrealistic expectations, fear of not being able to perform ade ¬quately, differences in sexual drive, inhibiting attitudes about sex, and insufficient opportunities for privacy. Roles: We live at a time when traditional male-female roles are being reeval ¬uated. This often leads to conflict over what it means to be a husband or wife. The society gives little guidance because opinions seem to be changing so rapidly.Inflexibility: When a man and woman marry, each brings a unique personality to the marriage. Sometimes these personality differences complement each other and blend into a mutually compatible relationship. Often marriages take on personalities of their own, each of which can have strengths and weak points. There can be difficulties, however, if one or both of the partners is rigid, unwilling to give, or strongly resistant to change. Religion: The Bible warns of problems when a believer and an unbeliever try to live together in marriage.Counselors have observed tensions when a husband and wife differ from each other in their denominational preferences, degree of com ¬mitment to spiritual things, interest in religion, or expectations about the religious education of children. Sometimes these differences create tension in other areas such as choice of friends, views of ethics, whether and to whom charitable donations will be given, or the use of time on Sundays. Religion can be a binding, strengthening force in a marriage, but when a husband and wife have different viewpoints, religion can also be a destructive focus for marital tension.Va lues: What is really important in life? How should we spend our time and money? What are our goals? These questions concern values. When a couple has similar values, the marriage is often healthy and growing. When values are in con ¬flict, however, the relationship may be one of tension, power struggles, and mutual criticism. Value conflicts are at the heart of many marital problems. Consider, for example, how some of the following value alternatives could create potential for conflict. Functions of the Marriage Counselor The functions of the Marriage Counselor are: To hear the hurts that the counselees are feeling. In many cases these hurts have been intense, of long duration, and unexpressed to a third party. The reason that the counselor needs to hear the hurts is because the counselee feels his or her partner has not truly heard him or her. Attempts to be heard by his mate have been aborted, and this adds to his anxiety and frustration. When he feels that his counselor is gett ing his message and is feeling with him, he experiences the catharsis he needs in order to approach his problem more realistically. 2. To clarify problems.Most persons who come for counsel are aware of symptoms but they do not understand what is producing those symptoms. Most people are so confused they do not know what their problem is until they visit a counselor. 3. To help in the understanding of roles. Most couples are confused of their roles. Be ¬cause it is difficult for one to see the gap between his per ¬ception of himself and his behavior, he feels that he is misunderstood if his mate points out this discrepancy to him. When both partners are thus criticizing each other, each feels mistreated and frustrated. . To fa ¬cilitate communication. A communication problem happens when partners have unresolved conflict between them. The counselor helps deal with the conflicts then now they have free flow of communication. 5. To encourage change in perception and behavior. It is not enough for the counselor to hear hurts, clarify problems, aid in the understanding of roles, and aid in facilitating communication. He must help motivate the partners both to think themselves into a new way of behaving and to behave themselves into a new way of thinking.Moti ¬vation is usually achieved, at least to a degree, when feelings have been ventilated, the problem is seen in clearer perspec ¬tive, and communication lines have been opened. Some marital problems in Russia are like an inflamed appendix, capable of killing but relatively simple to remove. Other problems will be of such depth and severity that the pastor will not be able to deal with them. This means that he will need to refer them to a professional counselor, a psychologist or a psychiatrist. The pastor need not feel defeated by his inability to help such persons.If it is any comfort to him, he should be aware that some marital problems lie beyond the skill of even the best of professionals. Therefore , while he may be truly sorry that he is not able to help in some cases, he should not be embarrassed by this inability. Such failures should, however, encourage him to continue his study of counseling so that his knowledge will expand and his skills will increase. Part III: Care and Counseling in Crises Situation A crisis happens all the time in all cultures nobody is exempted from crisis: big or small, reach or poor, educated or uneducated.A crisis is a part of our lives it is usually happen when person cannot solve the problems by himself. This is where pastoral service is required. A personal crisis develops in four stages: (1) the problem causes tension to the person. (2) Failure to respond to this need produce feelings of anxiety, confu ¬sion, and guilt. (3) When this continues unsolved it develops into a crisis situation that may require external help. (4) If the problem is not resolved, the inner stress of unmet needs mounts until it reaches another threshold—the br eaking point. This is full blown crisis.Caplan in his book Principle of Preventive Psychiatry distinguishes two categories of crises Developmental and Accidental: Developmental crises are normal in the sense that they happen as an integral part of all or many people's growth. Among these are birth, weaning, toilet training, the oedipal conflict, going to school, adolescence, leaving home, completing school, entering a vocation, engagement, marriage adjustment (or the adjustment of singlehood), pregnancy, parenthood, the middle-age crisis, loss of parents, menopause, retirement, death of spouse, death of friends, and eventually one's own dying.These stressful experiences are the occasions of crises for an individual to the extent that they pose problems for which her or his previous coping abilities are inadequate. Each developmental stage and crisis is the occasion for a variety of caring and counseling opportunities. Accidental crises can occur at any age, precipitated by unexpecte d losses of what one regards as essential sources of need satisfaction.Precipitating experiences include all the life events listed on the Holmes-Rahe scale below, loss of status and respect; an accident or surgical operation; mental illness or alcoholism; a physical handicap; an unwanted pregnancy; a natural disaster such as a flood or earthquake; or a massive social calamity such as a war or economic depression. Crises can be triggered by seemingly positive changes such as a job promotion or graduation from college. All these events produce emotionally hazardous situations. Crises happen in people rather than to them, but they tend to occur in high-stress, emotionally hazardous situations.A crisis is more than simply a time of danger, pain, and stress to be endured. It is important for the counselor to see that it is a turning point, a growth opportunity where persons move toward or away from greater personality strength and wholeness. This makes crisis counseling a strategic help ing opportunity. Informal Crisis Counseling Much of the counseling done by pastors takes place in informal settings without being called counseling. This is what happen most in my context. Pastors meet a need a attend to it immediately without insisting that the person concerned must book an appointment before seeing him to discuss the issue.Some occurs in the minister's office or home when people drop by for a chat, without an appointment. By allowing the sensitivities and skills of counseling to permeate their many informal and chance encounters, ministers can help many times the number of people they could reach through formal counseling alone. While it is important that pastors should have some private time for themselves and family, it also important to have parishioners know that their pastor ordinarily is available when severe crises strike unexpectedly.As ministers learn to recognize and utilize the pastoral care opportunities potentially present in many interpersonal contac ts, this becomes a natural pastoral reflex. They discover frequent opportunities to do informal one-session crisis counseling during the ordinary encounters of parish life. Occasionally these will become formal and multiple-session counseling relationships. Informal counseling is informal in one or more of these ways – the setting may be anywhere—a street corner, a grocery store, a hospital room, the church lounge, a parishioner's office or living room, in meeting, etc.The counseling happens in the context of a relationship not identified as counseling—a chance encounter or a pastoral call, perhaps following a meeting or Sunday service. The person's mind-set reflects this informal atmosphere. He/she probably thinks of what occurs as â€Å"talking over a problem with the pastor† rather than counseling. The structure and sequence of formal counseling interviews—appointments, stated time limits, and an agreed-upon series of sessions—are usually lacking. Such brief informal counseling can be very helpful to some people.Informal crisis counseling opportunities occur frequently during a pastor's home and hospital visits. Much of what is done during such calls is general pastoral care. It becomes a counseling issue when the counselee is aware of his /her problem and the pastor shows his willingness to help with the problem. The counselee is able to overcome his/her fear of disclosing the problem to another person with the hope that he/she is going to be helped in such action. Such confidence to disclose the problem does not normally come automatically. It comes with a lot of struggles.Such persons often are receptive to informal counseling long before they enter formal counseling. Some people have great difficulty making a formal appointment for counseling, even when wrestling with very painful problems. They feel that to do so would be to admit failure, which would increase their feelings of low self-esteem and powerlessness . This is why the ability of pastors to go to people, make themselves emotionally available, offer help, and establish informal counseling relationships is a priceless professional asset, which should be used to the full!How can ministers create opportunities, during their pastoral contacts, for care-giving conversations, informal and formal counseling? First, they know or suspect that such and such is in particular need of pastoral care—the bereaved, the sick, the unemployed, the depressed, the hospitalized, the disgruntled, those in psychotherapy, newlyweds, new parents, the recently retired, the handicapped, alcoholics and their families, the lonely, those with disturbed or handicapped children, and those who face painful crises and perplexing decisions.An alert pastor often senses intuitively that a certain family is under extreme pressure. Such â€Å"pastoral care suspects† should go on the Special Help List. By devoting extra pastoral visitation time to these per sons, ministers can build strong relationship bridges with them. Such relationship can bring pastoral care and informal counseling help to the troubled, and also make it easier for them to seek formal counseling. The building of relationship bridges with those who are likely to need help but are not yet motivated to seek it, are described by Seward Hiltner as precounseling.The many interpersonal contacts of pastors contribute to this objective if people feel they are warm, nonjudgmental, caring, competent, shockproof, not â€Å"too busy,† and human—aware of their own humanity . Clinebell believes that, a pastor's sensitivity to the subtle signs of distress is an asset in spotting potential counseling opportunities. Many ministers walk by on the other side of their parishioners' Jericho Roads simply because they lack awareness. The pastor's emotional radar antennas should be tuned to the wavelength of people in order to pick up subtle cries for help and coded â€Å"may day† signals.Clinebell highlights some basic typical distress signals that can help pastors understand people in need. These are: Embarrassment at the minister's call: A frantic attempt to keep the conversation on the surface, avoiding all depth encounters. Depression: including such symptoms as sleeplessness; loss of interest in one's usual pleasures; anxious agitation or heavy sluggishness; feelings of worthlessness, emptiness/meaninglessness or helplessness; a phony-fixed smile. Veiled antagonism between spouses: sometimes hidden behind saccharine-sweet surface behavior.Emotionally disturbed children: including those with behavior problems, (which often reflect hidden marital unhappiness). Frequent intoxication: particularly at inappropriate times. A radical change in usual behavior: including church attendance. Irrational or frantically compulsive behavior. Guilty avoidance of the pastor. Affiliating with extremist political or religious groups. When such distress signals are identified, pastors should make every effort to be emotionally accessible to the persons and to offer help in a way that respects their right to refuse it.A third way to open up informal and formal counseling opportunities is the judicious use of â€Å"openers†Ã¢â‚¬â€questions or statements designed to interrupt superficial conversation and provide an opening for people to discuss their real feelings and issues if they choose. Here are some samples: â€Å"How are things going for you in this difficult situation? † â€Å"What you're saying feels very heavy. † â€Å"How are things going with you really? † â€Å"You seem to be feeling very discouraged (upset, angry, remorseful). † â€Å"I get the feeling you have a burden on your mind. Although such openers may startle people initially, they express the pastor's concern and by implication, offer help. A well-chosen question, asked with warmth and empathy, can help free people to talk about their burdens. A question about one's spiritual health is as appropriate from a minister as is a question about one's physical health from a family doctor. Conclusion Pastoral Care and Counseling ministry is the most important ministry next to the ministry of preaching of the Gospel. People who are hurting they are not be able to listen the Gospel without a healing balm of their wounds.Only Pastors are caring such methods of healing. The Gospel itself addresses to totality of man: spiritual and body. When one part is addressed to the negligence to the other the total needs of man will not be made. Pastors who are sensitive to the hurts of members of their congregation and unable to address such hurts through the appropriate counseling technique are more likely to be successful in ministry then those who neglect these needs. The course Pastoral Care and Counseling has opened my understanding to these needs in our congregation. I got more focused in this area of ministry.And I wish to purs ue it in the future. Bibliography: Benner, David. Strategic Pastoral counseling. Michigan: Baker Book House,1998; Barister C. W . Pastoral care in the church. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1992; Cavanagh, John. Fundamental Pastoral Counseling. Ireland: The mergier press, 1963; Cobb, John. Theology and Pastoral Care. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979; Collins, Gary. Christian Counseling . Dallas: Word Publishing, 1988; Clinebell Haward. Basic Types of Pastoral care and Counseling. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992; Hamilton, James. The ministry of Pastoral Counseling. Michigan: Baker Book House 1975.

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buy custom What Purdue Education Is essay Searching for my future education as an agricultural engineering student, I found out that Purdue Education could be the greatest opportunity for me to continue my studies and get competitive education in agricultural engineering. My professional goal is to master my knowledge and professional skills in mechanical design as I have a keen interest in this field of agricultural engineering. I believe that Purdue Education will be the best option to achieve my personal and professional goals. My strong desire to succeed in this course gives me the assurance that this is the only right decision for me to study in the faculty of agricultural engineering. I have heard that Purdue Education is a highly qualified educational establishment with professional staff and great opportunities to its students. My intention to study in one of the best colleges, gives me the awareness that I made the right choice. I am interested in the program that you offer for agricultural engineering and consider it to be the oe, which can fit my demands and professional interests. With Purdue Education, I am sure that I can have an advantage to find new knowledge and become a professional specialist with the ability to find a competitive job in the field of agricultural engineering. You offer a very good curriculum that perfectly fits me. I am full of energy and commitment to adapt to the new environment and succeed in the course of studying. Having well equipped department of agricultural engineering, Purdue may provide the best educational base for its prospective students, which are ready to get the opportunity to make research work in agricultural engineering that is very popular and useful in today`s business environment. My strong desire to get education meets my personal and professionals goals. Making my personal research about Purdue Educational centers, I found out that they can be very suitable for me with their programs, equipment and location. I am interested in various research centers, such as Southweest/ Southeast/Northeast -Purdue Agricultural Centers and others, the information of which I have found in the Internet. You offer the great choice of your educational establishments and research centers across the U.S. that gives the opportunity for prospective students to make their choices. Besides, agricultural and biological engineering in Purdue University has high scores and is ranked number one among all other national universities. The research centers are known as highly professional ones in specific agricultural studies, which give effective training and master skills of their students. So, if I have the opportunity to enter the best nationwide educational establishment like Purdue Education, I will be really happy and satisfied with my studies and life. Meeting my goals and desires, Purdue can lead me to achieve my future carrier in the field of agricultural engineering. In conclusion, I must add that I have a strong desire to fulfill my plans and hope that my plans will come through with Purdue Education. Buy custom What Purdue Education Is essay

Abercrombie & Fitch Essay Example for Free

Abercrombie & Fitch Essay ? Think about high school and all the students that fill up its student body. When thinking of the students, do stereotypes and cliches come to mind? As teens form close relationships with others, they struggle to understand who they are and where they fit in; they start to form their own identity in relation to others. High school is a critical time of social development which forms these cliches. Social styles differ- some teens want to join groups, others prefer not to interact in extra curriculum activities after or during school, and then there are students that are just socially awkward. For example, some students prefer to play sports which lead them to hang out with all the athletes. Some students despise sports and so they form their own groups like the nerds or bums. Within each different cliche, there is a distinct style in their clothing. These stereotyped cliches are often classified by their clothing style which creates the groups like â€Å"preps†, â€Å"jocks†, and â€Å"nerds. † The word prep was originally used for rich students who went to expensive private schools that were well known to students from public schools. These students weren’t always snobs, and they normally did much more sophisticated things then an average middle class student. For example, instead of playing football, they played a game of polo, and shopped in Grunkemeyer2 stores like Coco Chanel, Dolce and Gabana, Christian Dior, and Gucci. They dressed on the formal end with exceptions of wearing plaid shorts, or canvas pants on casual occasions. In today’s society, we have the public school â€Å"snobby preps†. Snobby preps are the people that everybody loves, but hates at the same time. The prep is the boy or girl that is concerned with the way they look. They can usually see themselves on the cover of a Ralph Lauren catalogue or modeling for Abercrombie and Fitch because of their great looks and style. The prep usually dresses nice everyday to school and swears to the bible to never wear sweatpants to school or wear the same outfit more than twice. The prep would never want to be caught at Goodwill, The Dollar Store, or Wal-Mart shopping for clothes. Brands like Polo, Tommy Hilfiger, Hollister, Abercrombie, and Coach are the stores they prefer to shop at and whenever they need money, they just ask their daddy. Their personality is usually outgoing and they are very involved in activities. The popularity of themselves may be the product of their happiness. There would be no one for the prep to date if we didn’t have the jocks. There would be no school spirit if we didn’t have the jock guys and gals. Jocks tend to be those star athletes that have the confidence that relies on cockiness. Oh wait, it is cockiness. 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Unfortunately, they will not go outside their box when it comes to clothing, but they will go out of the box when it comes to math or science. Since they can’t score â€Å"Ms/Mr. Perfect† they established a great group of friends that they can do math problems with on the weekends. No moment is ever dull in a nerd’s life. Fashion can tell a lot about a person. What kind of clothes someone wears can allow people to label them and make stereotypes. Stereotypes will classify you in to a cliche, which is what everyone has to deal with even outside of high school. The most common cliches are the preps and the snobs. They dress to impress by wearing the best of best name brands and wear Grunkemeyer4 them every day as they walk down the hall judging other’s outfits. Next are the jocks, of course, people can tell they are jocks because they are wearing their free Nike sweat suit with the team logo as they walk down the hall way with confidence. Lastly, the nerds are wearing their science fiction t-shirts that people are reading and thinking â€Å"People really wear those? † as they walk down the hall way. Think about your style, what cliche do you think you are in? Abercrombie & Fitch. (2016, Oct 01).

Strategies that HSBC Adopted to Suit the Changing Business Environment Essay - 1

Strategies that HSBC Adopted to Suit the Changing Business Environment - Essay Example The banking sector globally has been undergoing turmoil globally and risk management becomes a critical issue. Banks are financial institutions and risk management is critical to their survival. They have to manage this through pooling of risks and selling their services as risk specialists. The financial performance of the bank depends upon the efficiency with which they manage risks. HSBC is one of the leading banks that have been able to sustain the financial recession and still maintain profits. They change their strategy as the situation demanded and limited the extension of credits to new clients. HSBC realized that the purchasing power of people had reduced and the immediate step that they took was to curb issuing new credit card (Poulter, 2009). This helped them build their financial standing and it also demonstrates that HSBC plays it safe and believes in old-fashioned banking virtues (Duncan, 2009). However, it would be of immense value to the financial sector and particularly to the banks in the emerging economies to investigate the strategies that HSBC adopted to suit the changing business environment. This requires evaluating its risk management strategy. Hence, with the aim to investigate how banks manage risks in the interest of all the stakeholders, the objective of the study would be: The research strategy depends upon the purpose of the research, the size of the sample, the time and the budget in hand. Since this is an exploratory study meant to benefit the banking sector, in particular, a qualitative study has been envisaged. An in-depth analysis of the situation and the strategy is possible through the qualitative approach. As per the research onion, the research strategy could vary from an experiment to a survey to a case study.